In the scientific sense, elements most likely refers to the chemical elements such as you would find on the periodic table. The Five Godai are Fire, Water, Earth, Wind, and Void.
The Japanese Buddhist concept of gogyo, which stems from Chinese wuxing, is distinguishable from godai by the fact that the functional phases of wood and metal within gogyo are replaced by the formative elements of void and the wind (air) in godai. Similarly to how the four humors are connected to many aspects of life, these five cycles and elements relate to direction, color, music, martial arts, and medicine. These five wu xing relate to the five cycles (Inter-Promoting, Weakening, Inter-Regulating, Overacting, and Counteracting) in a somewhat similar fashion to how the four classical elements relate to the four humors. The five wu xing are Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. Further removed yet are the ancient Chinese elements, called wu xing, which differ greatly from the Western convention. These eight together serve as essences in various combinations to form kalapas, the smallest unit of matter in some forms of Buddhist thought. Buddhist belief include eight elements - the classical four, as well as the four secondary properties of cohesion, solidity, expansion/vibration, and heat/energy content. Not all forms of elemental philosophy revolve around the concept of the four or five used in Aristotelian thought, however. The elements and sensible qualities also map to the four humors - Black Bile (Earth), Yellow Bile (Fire), Phlegm (Water), and Blood (Air) - which were thought to compose the human form and which were kept balanced to maintain health. In Indian thought the five elements mapped to the senses. For example, in Aristotelian elementalism all of the four classical elements have two 'sensible qualities' from the list of hot, dry, wet, and cold. In different traditions the elements may comes in certain specific orders or have further associations. In Aristotelian thought Aether is the quintessential substance that makes up the space beyond earth, while in Hindu thought Akasha represents both the space outside of the Earth and also is the basis of sound. Some philosophies include a fifth element, called either Aether or Void. These four can be seen commonly in the ancient Western world. The most commonly used elements in fiction are the four classical elements -, Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. Sometimes, however, they are instead based on chemical elements such as you would find on the periodic table. In fiction the elements are usually based on historical beliefs. For example, Toph from Avatar: The Last Airbender learns to control metal using earthen impurities within it. Regardless of the specific elemental paradigm in use, users of Elemental Manipulation may be able to affect things composed in part of their element.
The exact details of how elements combine, what each element does, and even which things are elements is canon/paradigm specific. For example, Ice could be thought of as a combination of Water and Air to produce a solid.
Various combinations of elements can be used to create other things. Elements are irreducible in nature and compose other (usually physical) things. Elements are the rudimentary, simplest or and essential parts of which any material thing consists. Users can create, shape and manipulate elements.
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